{"id":2738,"date":"2026-04-14T13:15:29","date_gmt":"2026-04-14T11:15:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/?p=2738"},"modified":"2026-04-14T13:15:30","modified_gmt":"2026-04-14T11:15:30","slug":"comprobacion-mediante-cross-hole-del-efecto-de-inyecciones-para-mejora-del-terreno-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/en\/comprobacion-mediante-cross-hole-del-efecto-de-inyecciones-para-mejora-del-terreno-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Cross-Hole Verification of the Effect of Grouting for Ground Improvement"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph translation-block\">The Applied Geophysics Department at Orbis Terrarum has developed a technical article analyzing the results of a study using Cross-Hole tests as part of a stabilization project for a railway embankment where differential settlements were observed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Cross-Hole for Slope Stabilization<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The objective of the study was to investigate the embankment and its foundation from a dynamic behavior perspective, quantifying the improvement achieved by calculating dynamic moduli before and after grouting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Two Cross-Hole seismic measurement campaigns were carried out: one prior to the injections and another after execution. Six (6) boreholes were drilled to evaluate the efficiency of the grouting treatment by comparing the dynamic moduli of the embankment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Cross_Hole_Comparacion_Mejora_Terreno.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Continue reading or download here<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>STUDY OF THE GROUND IMPROVEMENT EFFECT OF SLEEVE-PIPE (TUBE \u00c0 MANCHETTE) GROUTING IN A RAILWAY EMBANKMENT BASED ON DYNAMIC MODULES ANALYSIS USING THE CROSS-HOLE SEISMIC METHOD<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Joaquin Dorronsoro1 &amp; Christian Merino1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1. Orbis Terrarum Projects. Applied Geophysics Department.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Resume:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>In this project, cross-hole seismic tests were conducted to investigate the effectiveness of a sleeve-pipe (tube \u00e0 manchette) grouting treatment on an embankment experiencing settlement in northern Spain. Six boreholes were drilled, and the dynamic behavior was evaluated based on the estimation of dynamic moduli and Poisson's ratio before and after the execution of the grouting, which was implemented as a geotechnical solution to its pathology. It was determined that the method used was effective, and it was specified that the treatment proved more efficient at depth. Following the grouting, the embankment fill was characterized by a slight decrease in Poisson's ratio <\/em><em>\u03bd <\/em><em>...increased by 4.0%, and the dynamic moduli (G<\/em><sub>0<\/sub><em>, E<\/em><sub>0<\/sub> <em>y K<\/em><sub>0<\/sub><em>doubled, and the velocities (Vp and Vs)<sub>P<\/sub> y V<sub>S<\/sub> ...and seismic velocities ($V_p$ and $V_s$) increased by 53.0% and 90.0% respectively. For the colluvial Quaternary, a 2.0% decrease in Poisson's ratio was recorded, the dynamic moduli ($G$, $E$, and $K$) tripled in value, and the seismic velocities $V$<sub>P<\/sub> y V<sub>S<\/sub> improved by 69.0% and 75.0%.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">I. INTRODUCTION<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><br>The Cross-Hole seismic method is based on generating a seismic signal within a borehole. P and S-waves are recorded using a triaxial geophone placed in an adjacent borehole. The source and the receiver must be positioned at the same depth. This process is repeated by lowering both the source and the geophone at small intervals along both boreholes, typically from the surface to the bottom.<br>The seismic signal generates both compressional and shear waves; the latter must be controlled by reversing their polarity to facilitate the identification of their first arrivals on the seismograms.<br>Analysis and processing are limited to determining the $V_p$ and $V_s$ seismic velocities of the ground at each testing depth. This is performed by calculating the ratio between the source-receiver distance and the travel time of the first arrivals of the wave trains. The primary challenge lies in the accurate identification of the first arrivals of the S-waves.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The signal processing assumes direct wave propagation, meaning that no refractions or reflections occur; therefore, the two boreholes must be located in close proximity to each other. The recommended maximum distance is approximately five (5) meters (Standard, 2004), in accordance with the ASTM D 4428\/D 4428M standard.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Two Cross-Hole seismic measurement campaigns were conducted in this study: one prior to the injection works and another following their completion. Six (6) boreholes were drilled to evaluate the efficiency of the grouting treatment by comparing the dynamic moduli of an embankment that was experiencing settlements in Northern Spain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">II. METHODOLOGY<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To ensure effective signal generation, transmission, and recording, high-quality drilling and grouting of the boreholes were required. Therefore, the general recommendations of the ASTM D 4428\/D 4428M standard (Standard, 2004) were strictly followed:<br>\u2022 Following borehole drilling, high-pressure PVC casing (3\u201d nominal diameter) was installed, with the annular space between the borehole and the casing filled with cement grout, and a bottom cap was fitted.<br>\u2022 A 24-channel PASI GEA24 seismograph was used for data acquisition during the seismic campaign.<br>Las componentes que se utilizaron para la ejecucio\u00b4n de las campan\u02dcas se ex-presan a continuacio\u00b4n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2022 1 GFA-60 triaxial geophone placed inside the receiver borehole.<br>\u2022 1 CHE-50 electromechanical seismic source installed in the source borehole.<br>\u2022 Measurements taken at 1-meter intervals with 4 orthogonal shots per depth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Table 1 provides a summary of the boreholes, their spacing, and the maximum depth of the tests performed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Table 1: Summary of seismic tests performed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"494\" height=\"207\" src=\"https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Captura-de-pantalla-2026-04-14-112253.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2739\" srcset=\"https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Captura-de-pantalla-2026-04-14-112253.png 494w, https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Captura-de-pantalla-2026-04-14-112253-300x126.png 300w, https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Captura-de-pantalla-2026-04-14-112253-18x8.png 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 494px) 100vw, 494px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"865\" height=\"317\" src=\"https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-23.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2740\" srcset=\"https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-23.png 865w, https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-23-300x110.png 300w, https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-23-768x281.png 768w, https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-23-18x7.png 18w, https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-23-650x238.png 650w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 865px) 100vw, 865px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">                                (a) April 2019\n(b) December 2019                                                                                <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Figure 1: <\/strong><em>Execution of Cross-Hole CH-01 by Orbis Terrarum before and after the injection works.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Data processing was performed using ReflexWin software to generate the seismograms, calculate the primary and secondary wave velocities, and determine the elastic parameters based on the expressions presented in Table 2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Table 2 <\/strong><em>Expressions used for the calculation of dynamic moduli. Modified from <\/em><a href=\"#_bookmark8\"><em>Jia y Jia<\/em><\/a><em> (<\/em><a href=\"#_bookmark8\"><em>2018<\/em><\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"591\" height=\"333\" src=\"https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Captura-de-pantalla-2026-04-14-112725.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2741\" srcset=\"https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Captura-de-pantalla-2026-04-14-112725.png 591w, https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Captura-de-pantalla-2026-04-14-112725-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Captura-de-pantalla-2026-04-14-112725-18x10.png 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 591px) 100vw, 591px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Subsequently, the measured soil properties were mapped using Surfer software (version 14).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Used for the calculation of dynamic moduli, but not for the Poisson's ratio. <em>\u03bd<\/em>Density data were specified for this analysis. Therefore, the values obtained from direct geotechnical testing were used as pre-injection values (April), whereas post-injection values (December) were estimated assuming a 10% increase in the original densities as a result of the cement grout injection. Accordingly, the following bulk density values were considered for the assumed geotechnical units:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">CH-01:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Embankment filling<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>\u03c1<\/em><em><sub>april<\/sub><\/em><em> <\/em>= 2170 <em>\u2212 <\/em>1980 <em>kg<\/em>\/<em>m<\/em>3<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>\u03c1<sub>december<\/sub> <\/em>= 2387 <em>\u2212 <\/em>2178 <em>kg<\/em>\/<em>m<\/em>3<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Colluvial Quaternary deposits<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>\u03c1<\/em><em><sub>april<\/sub><\/em><em> <\/em>= 2070 <em>\u2212 <\/em>2011 <em>kg<\/em>\/<em>m<\/em>3<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>\u03c1<\/em><em><sub>december<\/sub><\/em><em> <\/em>= 2277 <em>\u2212 <\/em>2212 <em>kg<\/em>\/<em>m<\/em>3<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">CH-02:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Embankment filling<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>\u03c1<\/em><em><sub>april<\/sub><\/em><em> <\/em>= 2070 <em>\u2212 <\/em>2160 <em>kg<\/em>\/<em>m<\/em>3<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>\u03c1<sub>december<\/sub> <\/em>= 2277 <em>\u2212 <\/em>2376 <em>kg<\/em>\/<em>m<\/em>3<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Colluvial Quaternary deposits<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>\u03c1<\/em><em><sub>april<\/sub><\/em><em> <\/em>= 2070 <em>\u2212 <\/em>2011 <em>kg<\/em>\/<em>m<\/em>3<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>\u03c1<\/em><em><sub>december<\/sub><\/em><em> <\/em>= 2277 <em>\u2212 <\/em>2212 <em>kg<\/em>\/<em>m<\/em>3<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">CH-03:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Embankment filling<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>\u03c1<\/em><em><sub>april<\/sub><\/em><em> <\/em>= 2140 <em>\u2212 <\/em>2170 <em>kg<\/em>\/<em>m<\/em>3<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>\u03c1<\/em><em><sub>december<\/sub><\/em><em> <\/em>= 2354 <em>\u2212 <\/em>2387 <em>kg<\/em>\/<em>m<\/em>3<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Landfill waste o Landfill material<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>\u03c1<\/em><em><sub>april<\/sub><\/em>= 2070 <em>\u2212 <\/em>2110 <em>kg<\/em>\/<em>m<\/em>3<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>\u03c1<\/em><em><sub>december<\/sub><\/em>= 2277<em>\u2212 <\/em>2321 <em>kg<\/em>\/<em>m<\/em>3<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Colluvial Quaternary deposits<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>\u03c1<\/em><em><sub>april<\/sub><\/em>= 2110 <em>kg<\/em>\/<em>m<\/em>3<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>\u03c1<\/em><em><sub>december<\/sub><\/em>= 2321<em>kg<\/em>\/<em>m<\/em>3<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"413\" height=\"238\" src=\"https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-24.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2742\" srcset=\"https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-24.png 413w, https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-24-300x173.png 300w, https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-24-18x10.png 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 413px) 100vw, 413px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Figure 2: <\/strong><em>Longitudinal profile of the embankment where CH-01 was located.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"413\" height=\"211\" src=\"https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-25.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2743\" srcset=\"https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-25.png 413w, https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-25-300x153.png 300w, https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-25-18x9.png 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 413px) 100vw, 413px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Figure 3: <\/strong><em>Longitudinal profile of the embankment where CH-02 was located.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"410\" height=\"335\" src=\"https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-26.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2744\" srcset=\"https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-26.png 410w, https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-26-300x245.png 300w, https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-26-15x12.png 15w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 410px) 100vw, 410px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Figure 4: <\/strong><em>Longitudinal profile of the embankment where CH-03 was located.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">III. RESULTS<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Seismic <\/strong><strong>Velocities<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The following is presented in the figure below: <a href=\"#_bookmark2\">5<\/a> four profiles representing the different measured velocities, both pre-injection (<em>V<sub>P<\/sub> <\/em>and <em>V<sub>S<\/sub><\/em> April) and post-injection (<em>V<sub>P<\/sub><\/em> and <em>V<sub>S<\/sub><\/em> Diciembre).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The raw data obtained from the CH-01 borehole were clear; however, in December, difficulties were encountered in identifying the first arrivals of the waves in boreholes CH-02 and CH-03. <em>S<\/em>This is typically due to the displacement of the casing caused by the injections performed, which obstructed boreholes CH-02 (at a depth of 15 m) and CH-03 (at a depth of 7.20 m).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Al comparar los resultados obtenidos de los registros de velocidades de ambas campan\u02dcas se evidencio\u00b4 un aumento sig-<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Abril) como despue\u00b4s de ellas (<em>V<sub>P<\/sub><\/em><em> <\/em>and <em>V<sub>S<\/sub><\/em><em> <\/em>Di-<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">ciembre).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The raw data obtained from the CH-01 borehole were clear; however, in December, difficulties were encountered in identifying the first arrivals of the waves in boreholes CH-02 and CH-03. <em>S<\/em>This is typically due to the displacement of the casing caused by the injections performed, which obstructed boreholes CH-02 (at a depth of 15 m) and CH-03 (at a depth of 7.20 m).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Comparing the results obtained from the velocity records of both campaigns, a significant increase was observed in all three tests conducted. This improvement is attributed to the effect of the grout injection. Consequently, the embankment increased its compactness and stiffness, thereby reducing the travel time of the disturbances as they passed through the material.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"857\" height=\"304\" src=\"https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-27.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2745\" srcset=\"https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-27.png 857w, https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-27-300x106.png 300w, https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-27-768x272.png 768w, https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-27-18x6.png 18w, https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-27-650x231.png 650w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 857px) 100vw, 857px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"858\" height=\"305\" src=\"https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-28.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2746\" srcset=\"https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-28.png 858w, https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-28-300x107.png 300w, https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-28-768x273.png 768w, https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-28-18x6.png 18w, https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-28-650x231.png 650w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 858px) 100vw, 858px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Figura 5: Comparaci\u00f3n de las velocidades VP y VS de los pozos de abril a diciembre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A continuaci\u00f3n, se presentan los valores porcentuales correspondientes a la mejora de las velocidades entre ambas campa\u00f1as (abril-diciembre) en funci\u00f3n de las profundidades registradas (ver fi-gura 6). En t\u00e9rminos generales, el CH-01 obtuvo una mejora aproximada del 50 %, mientras que el CH-02 del 60 % y, final-mente, el CH-03 fue el ensayo en el que se registraron mayores mejoras porcentuales (media 70 %). Cabe destacar que este \u00faltimo represent\u00f3 un mayor aumento debido que los datos de esta investigaci\u00f3n abarcaron \u00fanicamente 7,20 metros por una obturaci\u00f3n del sondeo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"340\" height=\"684\" src=\"https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2749\" srcset=\"https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image.jpg 340w, https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-149x300.jpg 149w, https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-6x12.jpg 6w, https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-323x650.jpg 323w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(a) <em>VP<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"424\" height=\"855\" src=\"https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-31.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2751\" srcset=\"https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-31.png 424w, https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-31-149x300.png 149w, https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-31-6x12.png 6w, https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-31-322x650.png 322w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 424px) 100vw, 424px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(b) Vs<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Figura 6: <\/strong><em>Valores porcentuales correspondientes a la mejora de las velocidades V<sub>P<\/sub> y V<sub>S<\/sub>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Se observa que entre uno y tres metros se distingue un aumento significativo y, posteriormente, un descenso en la mejora de las velocidades s\u00edsmicas VP y VS. Esto se atribuye a que en las zonas de tratamientos m\u00e1s cercanas a la superficie del terrapl\u00e9n la inyecci\u00f3n de la lechada no resulto\u00b4 tan efectiva como se observa en profundidad, pues se limitan m\u00e1s las presiones del tratamiento para no romper el terreno y, evitar posibles fugas de la mezcla. Por otra parte, se denota el contacto terrapl\u00e9n terreno natural a los 11 metros como consecuencia de la disminuci\u00f3n paulatina de la densidad para el CH-02 y, por el mismo motivo para el primer ensayo a los 14 metros. <br>Tal y como se muestra en los perfiles de velocidad y en las gr\u00e1ficas de mejora (figuras 5 y 6), se logra apreciar durante los primeros tres metros aumentos del 20 % y 30 % para los ensayos CH-01\/CH-02 y 90 % para el CH-03 de la <em>V<sub>S<\/sub><\/em>. As\u00b4\u0131, posteriormente a la inyecci\u00f3n de la lechada la velocidad de la onda de cizalla <em>V<sub>S<\/sub> <\/em>alcanzo\u00b4 los 300 m\/s que seg\u00fan <a href=\"#_bookmark9\">Kul-<\/a><a href=\"#_bookmark9\">hawy y Mayne<\/a> (<a href=\"#_bookmark9\">1990<\/a>) puede atribuirse a un perfil de suelo duro o denso (medianamente r\u00edgido).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Entre los tres y los ocho metros se es-timaron aumentos del 20 %, 40 % y 70 % de la <em>V<sub>S<\/sub> <\/em>en los ensayos ejecutados. La velocidad de la onda de cizalla alcanzo\u00b4 los 500 m\/s lo cual se correlaciona con un perfil de suelo muy duro o muy den-so\/roca blanda.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Finalmente, a partir de los 11 metros para el CH-02 y 14 metros para el CH-01, donde se localiza el contacto terrapl\u00e9n con el terreno natural, se determinaron aumentos del 60 % y 80 % de la velocidad <em>V<sub>S<\/sub> <\/em>para ambos ensayos. Se alcanzan valores iniciales de 500 m\/s y llegan hasta 700 m\/s lo cual puede asociarse a un perfil de roca blanda.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Modulos din\u00e1micos<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A partir de los datos obtenidos, se calcularon los m\u00f3dulos de deformaci\u00f3n din\u00e1mica (<em>G<\/em><sub>0<\/sub>, <em>E<\/em><sub>0<\/sub>, <em>K<\/em><sub>0<\/sub> y el coeficiente <em>\u03bd<\/em>) con el fin de caracterizar el comporta-miento el\u00e1stico del terrapl\u00e9n para un rango de muy baja deformabilidad (<em>&lt; <\/em>10<em>\u2212<\/em>4 %).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Se presentan a continuaci\u00f3n las variaciones de los m\u00f3dulos el\u00e1sticos obtenidos en funci\u00f3n de la profundidad de cada sondeo (ver figuras <a href=\"#_bookmark4\">7<\/a> and <a href=\"#_bookmark5\">8<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"857\" height=\"335\" src=\"https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-32.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2752\" srcset=\"https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-32.png 857w, https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-32-300x117.png 300w, https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-32-768x300.png 768w, https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-32-18x7.png 18w, https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-32-650x254.png 650w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 857px) 100vw, 857px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">                                          (a) <em>E<\/em> Abril (GPa)                                                                          (b) <em>E<\/em> Diciembre (GPa)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"858\" height=\"326\" src=\"https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-33.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2753\" srcset=\"https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-33.png 858w, https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-33-300x114.png 300w, https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-33-768x292.png 768w, https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-33-18x7.png 18w, https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-33-650x247.png 650w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 858px) 100vw, 858px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">                                       (c) <em>G<\/em> Abril (GPa)                                                                          (b) <em>G<\/em> Diciembre (GPa)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Figura 7: <\/strong><em>Variaci\u00f3n del m\u00f3dulo de Young (E) y de rigidez (G) antes y despu\u00e9s de las inyecciones<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"857\" height=\"336\" src=\"https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-34.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2754\" srcset=\"https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-34.png 857w, https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-34-300x118.png 300w, https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-34-768x301.png 768w, https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-34-18x7.png 18w, https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-34-650x255.png 650w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 857px) 100vw, 857px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">                                          (a) <em>K<\/em> Abril (GPa)                                                                          (b) <em>K<\/em> Diciembre (GPa)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"858\" height=\"337\" src=\"https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-35.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2755\" srcset=\"https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-35.png 858w, https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-35-300x118.png 300w, https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-35-768x302.png 768w, https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-35-18x7.png 18w, https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-35-650x255.png 650w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 858px) 100vw, 858px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">                                          (c) v Abril                                                                                      (d)<em>v K<\/em> Diciembre<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Figura 8: <\/strong><em>Variaci\u00f3n del m\u00f3dulo de Bulk (K) y del coeficiente de Poisson (\u03bd) tanto antes como despu\u00e9s de las inyecciones.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Al igual que en la secci\u00f3n anterior, se evidencia un incremento general de los m\u00f3dulos din\u00e1micos calculados. Se observa que en los ensayos de la primera campa\u00f1a no se caracteriza una tendencia clara respecto a los valores obtenidos, debido a la naturaleza anisotr\u00f3pica y a la heterogeneidad de la composici\u00f3n del material del terrapl\u00e9n. Consecuentemente posterior a la inyecci\u00f3n de la lechada se observa una distribuci\u00f3n uniforme y un aumento gradual de la rigidez y compacidad de las unidades tratadas. Gracias a esto, se comprueba que el tratamiento por inyecciones de tubo manguito resulto ser, en t\u00e9rminos generales, eficiente como soluci\u00f3n geot\u00e9cnica sin que en este documento se valore si es suficiente para el fin buscado.<br>Al evaluar los valores de los m\u00f3dulos din\u00e1micos posterior al tratamiento, se evidencia la mayor efectividad de la campa\u00f1a entre los 3 y 14 metros para el en-sayo CH-01 y para los 11 metros en el CH-02; esto en comparaci\u00f3n a los primeros metros para el relleno de terrapl\u00e9n en el que se destaca la poca variabilidad de las propiedades el\u00e1sticas del material que compone el terreno.<br>No se observan variaciones significativas del coeficiente de Poisson (\u03bd). Los valores de este par\u00e1metro var\u00edan entre 0,32 y 0,44 sin una tendencia clara y, al considerar los valores obtenidos y los propuestos por Boiero y Rosales (2016), el material presente se relaciona con un sustrato denso tanto antes como despu\u00e9s de la inyecci\u00f3n lechada.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">IV. CONCLUSIONES <\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">El m\u00e9todo s\u00edsmico cross-hole result\u00f3 ser una tecnica eficiente para caracterizar el efecto de las inyecciones por tubo manguito de un terrapl\u00e9n ferroviario que presentaba asientos. Adem\u00e1s, se manifest\u00f3 como un m\u00e9todo efectivo que ofrece informaci\u00f3n fiable sobre las velocidades de las ondas primarias y secundarias.<br>El relleno de terrapl\u00e9n se caracteriz\u00f3 tras las inyecciones con una ligera disminuci\u00f3n del coeficiente de Poiss\u00f3n \u03bd del 4,0 %, los m\u00f3dulos din\u00e1micos (G, E y K) se duplicaron y, las velocidades VP y VS se incrementaron en un 53,0 % y 90,0 %.<br>Para el Cuaternario coluvial se registraron descensos del coeficiente de Poiss\u00f3n \u03bd del 2,0 %, los m\u00f3dulos din\u00e1micos (G, E y K) triplicaron sus valores y las velocidades s\u00edsmicas VP y VS mejoraron en un 69,0 % y 75,0 %. Estos resultados se resumen en la tabla que se expresa a continuaci\u00f3n (ver tabla 3).<br>Tabla 3: Porcentaje de mejora de las propiedades el\u00e1sticas de cada unidad geot\u00e9cnica<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"448\" height=\"263\" src=\"https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Captura-de-pantalla-2026-04-14-130732.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2756\" srcset=\"https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Captura-de-pantalla-2026-04-14-130732.png 448w, https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Captura-de-pantalla-2026-04-14-130732-300x176.png 300w, https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Captura-de-pantalla-2026-04-14-130732-18x12.png 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 448px) 100vw, 448px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Se recomienda para futuros estudios con relaci\u00f3n al tratamiento por inyecciones, la ejecuci\u00f3n de ensayos de densidad tanto antes como despu\u00e9s del tratamiento, para as\u00ed reducir la incertidumbre con respecto al c\u00e1lculo de los m\u00f3dulos din\u00e1micos. Adem\u00e1s, resulta importante reflejar la importancia de un correcto cementado del anillo anular de los sondeos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Por otra parte, cabe resaltar la importancia de la utilizaci\u00f3n del m\u00e9todo ejecutado para la estimaci\u00f3n de las velocidades primarias y secundarias. A partir de la aplicaci\u00f3n de ensayos cross-hole se consigue una muy buena resoluci\u00f3n por intervalo medido y se garantiza en contraste a la s\u00edsmica de refracci\u00f3n convencional que, la onda directa se perciba por el ge\u00f3fono antes que la onda refractada. Por otra parte, en comparaci\u00f3n a m\u00e9todos como el ReMi, permite obtener registros sin depender de la presencia de ruido ambiental, pues la implementaci\u00f3n de una fuente artificial para el an\u00e1lisis espectral de la t\u00e9cnica de microtremores limita la banda de frecuencias y por tanto dificulta su procesamiento e interpretaci\u00f3n. No obstante, la t\u00e9cnica combinada de ReMi m\u00e1s s\u00edsmica de refracci\u00f3n es tambi\u00e9n muy \u00fatil cuando la rigidez aumenta en profundidad y no hay un estrato duro en superficie; adem\u00e1s, este m\u00e9todo combinado permitir\u00eda ahorrar costes por no necesitar de sondeos. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">REFERENCIAS<br>Boiero, A. y Rosales, C. (2016). Estimaci\u00f3n de par\u00e1metros el\u00e1sticos para el c\u00e1lculo de asentamientos inmediatos en suelos friccionantes y cohesivos. Bolet\u00edn T\u00e9cnico Sociedad Venezolana de Geo-tecnia (SVDG), pp. 1\u20137.<br>Jia, J. y Jia (2018). Soil dynamics and foun-dation modeling. Springer.<br>Konkov, A., Oshkin, A., Ragozin, N., Ig-natev, V., y Ermakov, R. (2017). Cross-hole seismic testing on pressure and shear waves-an example of effective usage of the method. En 23rd European Meeting of Environmental and Enginee-ring Geophysics, volumen 2017, pp. 1\u20135. European Association of Geoscientists &amp; Engineers.<br>Kulhawy, F. H. y Mayne, P. W. (1990). Manual on estimating soil properties for foundation design. Technical report, Electric Power Research Inst., Pa-lo Alto, CA (USA); Cornell University, Ithaca.<br>Sirles, P. C. y Viksne, A. (1990). Site-specific shear wave velocity determina-tions for geotechnical engineering applications. Geotechnical and enviromen-tal geophysics, 3:121\u2013131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Standard, A. (2004). D4428\/d4428m-07,<br>2007, standard test methods for cross-hole seismic testing. astm international, west conshohocken, pa, 2007, doi: 10.1520\/d4428 d4428m-07.<br>Troncoso, J. (1979). Cross-hole and down-hole vs by mechanical impulse. Journal of the geotechnical engineering division-asce, 105(1):118\u2013118.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>El Departamento de&nbsp;Geof\u00edsica Aplicada&nbsp;de Orbis Terrarum ha desarrollado un art\u00edculo t\u00e9cnico donde analiza&nbsp;los resultados de un estudio mediante ensayos Cross Hole en [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2231,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2738","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-publicaciones"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2738","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2738"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2738\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2757,"href":"https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2738\/revisions\/2757"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2231"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2738"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2738"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/orbisterrarum.es\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2738"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}